Ericsson

Ericsson (Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson) in Stockholm, Sweden, is the headquarters of the company's team of network and telecommunications goods and services. The company, telecommunications operators, traditional telecommunications and Internet protocol (IP) in networking equipment, mobile and fixed broadband, operations and business support services, cable television, such as IPTV, video systems, information and communications technology (ICT) services, software and infrastructure development and extensive service operation. Ericsson in 2012 2G / 3G / 4G mobile network infrastructure market had a share of 35%.

Lars Magnus Ericsson founded the company in 1876; 2016 at the headquarters in Stockholm as, Sweden. The company uses around 113,000 people worldwide and operates in 180 countries. Ericsson, including many in the wireless communicatio, in May 2015, holds more than 39,000 patents granted.

        

                                             

History:

              Lars Magnus Ericsson device automatically begins a friendship with a young population. The Swedish government agency he worked for a firm that Telegrafverket telegraph device. In 1876, at the age of 30, his friend Carl Johan Andersson in central Stockholm and repaired foreign-made mobile phone with the help of a telegraph repair shop began. In 1878, he began selling his own telephone equipment to Ericsson. His inventions were not technically phone. In 1878 to Sweden's first telecom operating company, Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag made a covenant to supply telephones and switchboards.

In addition, in 1878, local telephone importer Numa Peterson to Bell phone company Ericsson, he got a fix from some phones. He bought Siemens phone number and Technology claim; Ericsson had a scholarship at Siemens a few years ago. He Telegrafverket Bell and Siemens and Swedish railway through the firm's repair work was common with Halske number. Bell Group is cheaper than a new telephone companies to provide the services as Rikstelefon on the use of high-quality equipment to produce these improved design. Bell was innovative and creative in Scandinavia; Ericsson was a problem because no patent or royalty. Finishing a standard training tool maker and was reflected in an ornate design at this time, Ericsson phone. Many people at the end of the year Siemens began production of mobile phones; The first product is finished in 1879.

Ericsson is the main supplier of telephone equipment Scandinavia. The desire not to proceed with the factory; Joinery and metal-plating was teyizhelehu out. Most of its raw materials were imported; In the following decades, Ericsson brass, wire, ebonite, and magnetic metal materials, many organizations alike to confirm. Walnut wood used most often used in cabinets were imported from the United States.

Stockholm's telephone network, the telephone company and the manufacturer of that year, increasing to repentance. Bell bought the biggest telephone network in Stockholm only allowed to be used with its own phone. Ericsson's equipment sold mainly to free telephone associations in Sweden and other Nordic countries in the countryside.

Bell equipment and services to the value of Henrik Bell competitors were delivered in 1883. As equipment led ripped Cedergren deal Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag a free phone company; He established a new mobile network equipment to provide the agreement with Ericsson. In 1918 LM Ericsson Allmänna Telefonaktiebolaget companies were merged into.

In 1884, a multi-Switchboard manual telephone exchanges in most Western C. E. Scribner design copied on electricity. In the United States, a single Switchboard can contain up to 10,000 lines since 1879 holds patent 529421, but the device is not innovative in Sweden because it was legal. The following year, LM visiting several telephone exchange stations, the United States visited the "inspiration" .citation US Switchboard These designs were more advanced, but this is not equal to others, Ericsson and Ericsson phone to collect Cedergren.

In 1884, Stockholms Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag Beth Anthony, a technician at the hearing and to standard telephone handset mouthpiece combination. It was time to talk to customers who use the operators in the communications operators to place one hand free. Ericsson is a phone in starting up this discovery, embedded Ericsson products.

International expansion:

                                                        Production grew up in the late 1890's, it seemed like the Swedish market to reach saturation, Ericsson is ruled by representatives of a number of foreign markets. Your E A UK factories in Russia, was established to improve opportunities for local contracts and factory output Duplicate where they were first Swedish markets. In the UK, A to E in the national phone company was a major customer; In 1897, in the UK E A result that is 28% sold. Nordic countries were also Ericsson customers; They encouraged the development of telephone service in Sweden.

Other countries, and through the influence of their parent colonies were exposed to Ericsson products. They were in the late 1890's, the largest non-European markets, Ericsson Australia and New Zealand, are included. Mass production techniques now firmly established; Telephone their ornate finish and decoration was some loss.

Although successful in other places, Ericsson did not make significant sales in the United States. The group is under the control of Bell, Kellogg and automatic electricity market. Ericsson eventually sold properties in the United States. They took the inroads in sales in Mexico and South America countries. South Africa and China were also generating significant sales. The company is currently made up with, Lars Ericsson stepped down from the company in 1901.

                                                    

Automatic equipment:

                                                  Ericsson have focused their attention on the automatic and manual telephone exchange ignore the growth patterns in the United States. Initially, auto-switching system sales were slow, although devices were produced in the first telephone call, in 1921, proved itself to the world market. At this time, the phone was a simple design and finish, and Ericsson's first in the list of automatic telephone booth, there were numerous electronic magneto styles with a dial on the front and appropriate changes. The revolution of evolution and growth of the company after the sale of its partners, such as Australia, restricted to elaborate decals cases.World War I, is decorated with subsequent loss of the Great Depression, and the Russian assets.

                                  

Market development:

                                            In 1920 and 1930, was organized by the World phone markets and many governments showed. Evolution was a small, private companies providing services for the fragmented city-by-city system was offered for lease and a merged company. Ericsson growing network equipment sales, which represents more certain leases, he found. Almost Ericsson phone sales under the supervision of its operating companies got a third.

Negotiations between the major telephone companies aimed at dividing the world between them.citation required to make it difficult to compare the amount of ITT. Ericsson's involvement in telephone operating companies and reduce manufacturing switchgear and went back to the phone. In the UK, A to E in Beeston factory under license from Strowger pronounced for Ericsson and the National Telephone Company.citation factory was built by a joint venture between automatic switching devices, and E were former colonies outside the UK to the products. [Citation needed] The authorization for the UK E A divided government with its rival manufacturers of equipment contracts, but Ericsson's presence in the UK A with manufacturing facilities and contracts that often. [Citation needed]

Sales drives resumed after the Great Depression, but the company has never had a century and the early part of his goal to penetrate the market. Still, phones and devices that range from product; The latter is becoming a more important part of its territory. Ericsson subdued using a unique patterns since 1930 and increased bakelite phone. [Citation needed]

Additional development [edit]

Ericsson released in 1960 in one of the world's first hands-free phone 1956.It all the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system, MTA, introduced. In 1954, this Ericofon released. Switching devices used in ventilation Ericsson Telephone administrations in many countries. [Citation needed].

                                

2003–2016: rebuilding and growing:

                                                                          Full mobile internet emerged, including the global telecom industry, Ericsson, growth began once. After the launch of 3G services in 2003, people began using the Internet phones.

Many of the major operators of GSM equipment Ericsson's position as a supplier, and a pioneer role in the emerging 3G standards and related technology, and put it at the forefront of many changes to come. 10 consecutive quarters of losses, cutbacks after the company back to profit in Q3 2003, and could begin to grow again. This growth was back in 2003 after declaring a new CEO kerili- Henric Svanberg said the company would focus on business excellence, wide-ranging and effectiveness of several of Ericsson's corporate culture years.During a better return on investment cutbacks pushed purchased, Ericsson, its CDMA Enterprise was reduced. North America, Japan, and this standard, the GSM is used mostly in the main rival to Asia, and Ericsson had a global market share of 25%, but overall volumes by completely ending, Ericsson's commitment to its CDMA 2006 wound down, so it was very low. he began a series of acquisitions to strengthen Ericsson's position in key technologies to market first of these was Marconi, whose assets distribution, fiber optic and fixed network services included in the portfolio of strong radio dating back to the early part of the company Aastra technologies segments.The .Further acquisitions 2008.Ericsson in the same year Volume sold in the corporate PBX with .Ericsson re Redback networks (carrier edge-routers), in 2007 Entrisphere (fiber) and LHS Telekommunikation (customer care services), and Tandberg TV provider in North America in 2009, included the purchases of Nortel's CDMA division operations and assets after acquiring the CDMA market entered data traffic separate network for next-generation technologies and multimedia, such as video offering a combination of the first and most important networks.Ericsson to promoting a comprehensive strategy was followed Ericsson mobile broadband multimedia business in 2007 to develop innovative .

Ericsson operators were rolling on the purchase and was working on ways to improve WCDMA; This was the first generation 3G access. New developments in IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) and High-Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) as WCDMA are the next evolution. At first I was engaged in a download version called HSDPA; In late September 2006.HSPA 2005 59 commercial networks in the first test calls in the United States from the spread of technology was the first to offer mobile broadband in the world.

In July 2016, Hans Vestberg, the company heading for a half-dozen years later, Ericsson's executive stepped down. Since 1991, the company has been working with Jan Frykhammar, Ericsson searches for a full-time replacement will be stepping in as interim CEO to.

On October 26, the closing date, Ericsson announced the new Chief Executive Officer. Börje Ekholm will begin steps down on January 16, 2017, and interim CEO Jan Frykhammar the next day.

Acquisitions, expansion, and strengthen cooperation

In 2000, companies and governments began to force mobile Internet standards. Advanced wireless communications systems to develop and test new symbol - Ericsson, the Nokia, Alcatel (France) and Siemens AG (Germany) - May 2000, the European Commission's strategic initiatives, wireless, telecommunications providers in Europe to create a consortium of four. Later that year, in December 1999, the consortium partners in 2001. [citation needed] in Wireless World Research Forum invited other companies to join in, Microsoft and Ericsson Mobile latter with the former integrate web browser and server software, announced a strategic partnership -internet 2000 technologies.In the net’ibi- com bubble burst with Sweden for significant economic implications. The Internet and dot-com firms to start-ups such as Ericsson, mobile telecommunications equipment, shed thousands of jobs in the world's largest producer ,,. That same year, Intel, the world's largest semiconductor chip manufacturer, signed a $ 1.5 billion agreement to provide flash memory Ericsson in the next three years.

                                                        

Business Unit Networks:

                                                       On July 1, 2014, mobile communication and fixed connections.As needs of the business has been in the hands of Johan Wibergh networks since 2008. This network infrastructure to develop, BNET products include commercial radio and commercial radio has been involved in cloud and IP.Its base stations, radio The network controllers, mobile switching centers and service application nodes. Operators 4 G networks, 2G and 3G use than most recently, to migrate Ericsson products.

Company Network category 2G, 3 G, 4 G / LTE technology, in the future all-IP 5 G, and is described as a driver to slow growth, and to develop and LTE Advanced Systems deploys, but still is growing older GSM, WCDMA and CDMA technologies.The company's network portfolio also major networks, microwave transport, Internet protocol (IP) networks, copper and fiber and mobile broadband modules for permanent access services, fixed broadband access to multiple levels, including the radio access network Ericsson power modules to provide access to the internal radio communications with other parts of the network network.citation direct (DC) current / DC converters and DC / high potential that small cells to macro cells, pico, radio base stations and controllers, and core network nodes from DC regulators, especially in Telecommunications industry it is as multiplexors, Switches, routers and radio base stations.Manufacturing as advanced applications, China..

NEC

National Corporation (NEC Corporation, Nippon Denki Kabushiki Gaisha?) Minato, Tokyo, Japan. NEC IT and business solutions with a network, communications services providers and in corporate headquarters, information technology (IT) products and services to the Japanese team as the only national provider. Its NEC Semiconductors business unit is one of 20 major government agencies, and also the largest PC vendor in Japan in 1980 from around the world. Before the company's rebranding in 1983, Nippon Electric Company Limited was known, called Renesas Electronics. Before merging with NEC is a member of the Sumitomo group semiconductor sales leaders.

                                     

HISTORY:

                         

1898-1919

                 Takeshiro Maeda and Kunihiko Iwadare they Miyoshi Electrical Manufacturing Company was bought by institutions, Aug. 31, 1898, the limited partnership established Nippon Electric. Iwadare acted as representative of the country; Maeda company that handled the sale. He was interested in the Japanese market in Western Electric phone, indicating Walter Tenney Carleton. Carleton was also responsible for the renovation of buildings Miyoshi. This agreement would allow the Partnership joint-stock company was reorganized and harmony. July 17, 1899 on, he began to apply the revised agreement between Japan and the United States. Nippon Electric Company, to become the first Japanese joint venture with a foreign-capital.wadare Managing Director called Western Electric Company was organized with the same day. Ernest Clement and Carleton directors were counted. Maeda and Fujii Mototeru be assigned auditors. Iwadare, Maeda and Carleton general managemen Dealings.

The company phone and switching products, began with sales and maintenance. National Mita Mita factory in 1901 with the construction of Shikokumachi modern production facilities. This was completed in December 1902.

Japan's Ministry of Communications in 1903, adopted the new technology, supplied by NEC Joint Battery Switchboard. Typical battery switchboards importance of a permanent magnet generator for each subscriber in removing the phone, the phone powered by the subscriber. The first switchboards were imported, but in 1909 was produced in the country.

In 1904, China began to send national telephone sets.

In 1905, visited Western Electric in the United States to see Iwadare their management and production control. Japan on his return to sub-contract "oyakata" system and termination of managers and employees of the company were direct employees and replaced with a new system in place. The delay has been removed from the production process. The company paid a higher salary with incentives and efficiency. New accounting and cost control was put in place, and time clocks installed.

In between, in 1899 and Japan in 1907, the number of telephone subscribers rose by 35,000 to 95,000. The agreement between the national telegraph work with Japan and China entered the market in 1908 to China. In addition, 1907 1912 Sales during the period January 1908 to set up office in Seoul, Korea entered the market rose from 2 million yen to 1.6 million yen. Telephone service was a key part of the success of the expansion of Japan's NEC this time. Take a pause this expansion.

The phone-to-phone installations pending the Ministry of Communications and 120,000 subscribers, but in March, 1913, telephone service in a third expansion plans delayed. Sales fell sixty percent of the national training during 1912 and 1915: Iwadare electric fans, kitchen appliances, including washing machines and vacuum cleaners, furniture, and began to enter. Electric fans had never been seen before in Japan. It was designed to make the sale to a foreign company prop. In 1916, the government paid 75,000 new subscribers and 326,000 kilometers of lines, adding that late-phone continued expansion plans. This is the third time the Japanese industry, many contracts for the expansion plan, NEC expanded at a time.

1919 to 1938:

                             In 1919, direct, NEC cables for the first time, I began a relationship with Sumitomo Densen Seizosho engaging Sumitomo. Cable to the part of the partnership, NEC has Sumitomo Densen equipment. Western Electrics front and back of the cable rights also were moved to Sumitomo Densen.

The Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923, 140,000 people were killed, and 3.4 million in Japan, NEC engineers and workers, killing 105, NEC was abandoned factories were destroyed homeless.Four. The phone was destroyed thirteen offices in Tokyo fire. Telephone and telegraph service was interrupted damaged telephone cables. In response, the Ministry of Communications telephone switching system will automatically load faster and radio broadcasting to the main engines. The first automatic switching systems in the United Kingdom, the head of the Automatic Telephone Manufacturing Co. (ATM) made Strowger- kind of model. Finally, the general sales agent of the national ATM system will automatically switch participated in the installation. First National in Japan, in 1924 in its Strowger- sets of automatic switching system. Almost Kanto earthquake, Mita offered at one of the factories and plants, was chosen to support the expansion of production. A new three-story steel-reinforced concrete building that Western Electric t’ilik’etechewini work was redirected from 1925, was built.

1924 national radio program provider in Japan for the first time, radio was founded in Tokyo in 1924 and began commercial radio communications; NEC broadcasting equipment imported from Western Electric in 1925 and began to live. Osaka and Nagoya expansion into radio broadcasting industry as a radio marked up. National in 1930, 1924, 1925, NEC started developing electron tubes formed part of the radio research; They were the first 500 W radio transmitter manufacturing. In 1934, they gave the Chinese Xinjing station with 100 KW radio broadcasting system.

Photos transmitted ceremony of the National photo- telegraphic devices built on the accession of Emperor Hirohito. The ceremony was competing newspapers Mainichi Shimbun and Asahi Shimbun cover the ceremony was held in Kyoto in 1928. The Asahi Shimbun was using a Siemens device. The Mainichi France was also planning to use photo- telegraphic devices. At the end, the two papers from and due to its rapid rate of spread and higher picture quality, used national product.

1929 Nippon Electric A- type of system change these proposals with the Ministry of Communications in Japan, is the first to develop in Japan. Nippon 1937, long distance telephone service provider channels nonloaded line with the need of the Ministry of Communications in Japan.

                                 

1945 to 1980:

                             After the war, production was gradually returned to civilian use. This national effort after the National Deming Prize for excellence in 1951, the first major battle of the Korean exporting radio-transmitting devices, NEC transistor 1950, research and development began in January 1946 and re-opened at the end of the main plants in 1952, computer research and development at NEC, Japan's control system first constructed in 1954, switching production to begin. (Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Corporation today; NTT) Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corporation, which was installed in 1956, NEC began research and development in collaboration with NTT same year, electronic switching system. These same year, the National NEAC-1101 and NEAC-1102 computers after the war ended in 1958, the first foreign joint venture established as Taiwan Telecommunication Company. In 1959, the first transistorized computer, national, NEAC-2201 demonstrated. They showed UNESCO in Paris on AUTOMATH show. American Depositary Receipts company, ten million shares being sold in the United States in 1963, according to NEC started the business in 1960 and began an integrated circuit research and development. Nippon Electric New York (now NEC America, Inc.) was included in the same year.

1980 to 2000:

                            In 1980, the first digital signal processor NEC, created the National μPD7710. National Semiconductors (UK) Ltd. a leading VLSIs and LSIs, was established in 1981. National to Basel, Geneva and Zurich, Switzerland, listed on the stock exchanges in 1982, 1983, NEC 16-bit PC -9800 series followed in 1981 by the 8-bit PC -8800 series introduced a personal computer. 80% of the national market quickly share.NEC same year changed the company name to NEC Corporation took English, Japanese PC industry became the main leader. National Information Systems, Inc. In the same year, also launched V- series processor computers in the United States in 1984, NEC began manufacturing and related products. In 1986, NEC Houston Advanced Research Center, The Woodlands, Texas, gave up its SX-2 super computer. In the same year, he entered NEAX61 digital switch system service. In 1987, NEC Technologies (UK) Ltd. Arne Europe, printers and mobile phones and computer controls to guide established in the United Kingdom. Also, the TurboGrafx this year, NEC (North American market after the 16-1989 release) The piši- Engine is a video game console to create, Hudson Soft, video game manufacturers and technology is allowed. The Engine piši- high following the success of its successor, though, the PC-FX, was released in 1994 in Japan, NEC, a leading semiconductor manufacturer, rather than through the role he has been held in a very strong impact on the video game industry in the United States this specific video game products.NEC through any of the United States, Inc. The company took for surgery in North America was established in 1989.

In 1990, the "Great Wall", known as the new head office building was completed in, Shiba, Tokyo. In addition, the joint venture agreement to produce and market-digital electronic switching systems and LSIs have been established in China. In 1993, the National asynchronous transfer mode's (ATM) switching system, NEAX61 (Nippon Electronic Automatic Exchange) ATM Service Node, and entered service in the United States. National Europe, Ltd. was established the same year as the company's European operations to contain. National C & C Research Laboratories, NEC Europe Ltd. NEC 1994 (opened in Germany and China) partners; Ltd. was established in 1997. NEC 4Gbit Drum growth as a company for Chinese operations in 1996 and is the first semiconductor group was honored with one of Japan's efforts Awards. In 1998, NEC opened the most advanced semiconductor R & D facility in the world.

                                        

2000 to present:

                                    National 1999 National Electronics Corporation in a new semiconductor company celebrated the 100th anniversary of the selection of NEC in 2002. National Laboratories America, Inc. (NEC Labs) NEC Research Institute (NECI) and the United States, NEC's computer and Communication Research Laboratory (CCRL) as a merger in November, 2002, began. In 2006, the National N343i from NEC earth production adjustment computer (Esc), from 2002 to 2004, he built the fastest supercomputer in the world :.

In 2003, 20.8% had at least one national market in the personal computer market in the future of Fujitsu, Japan's share.

In 2007, NEC and Nissan Co. Hybrid and electric car company began a review in partnership to produce lithium ion batteries.

April 23, 2009, Renesas Technology Corp and NEC Electronics Corp iSuppli in accordance with the fourth largest semiconductor company, is set to be merged to create Renesas Electronics in April 2010.On April 1, 2010, NEC Electronics and Renesas to integrate basic agreement to cancel the published data on the technology.

Q3 2010, NEC PC market in Japan, 19.8% had a market share.

January 27, 2011, the Chinese PC maker NEC Lenovo, the fourth largest PC maker in the world with a PC joint venture was formed. As part of the agreement, the companies which are registered in the Netherlands, Lenovo NEC Holdings B.V. This new company, said in a statement harden. Lenovo Lenovo's shares by the national will receive more than US $ 175 million. National, while 49% Lenovo will hold a stake, through a unit, will own 51% stake in the joint venture. In February 2011, Bloomberg News said the joint venture would allow it to expand the field of Lenovo servers and NEC is able to grow in China's Masato Yamamoto NEC.

January 26, 2012, NEC Corporation, NEC's consolidated result, in line with Europe's economic crisis on the financial statement and announced a big loss on the lagged Apple would compare to the Samsung smartphones in the market development in the world and all international and 10,000 domestic jobs to be cut. Previously, the most stupid January 2009 NEC semiconductor and liquid crystal display in related businesses, about 20,000 jobs short.

Nokia

The Nokia Corporation (Finland, the Nokia Oyj, the Finnish pronunciation: [nokiɑ], UK / nɒkiə / US / noʊkiə /), NOKIA, such as capacity, the Nokia 1865 is based on the Finnish robbery communications and information technology company, main headquarters in Espoo it is; Uusimaa: Helsinki remain in urban areas. In the world In 2014, Nokia, 61,656 people in 120 countries employed more than 150 countries and businesses; Helsinki and New York Stock Exchanges is billion.Nokia stock € 12,73 274th- largest company reported annual revenue worldwide is a public limited company listed on the Exchange.It Fortune Global 500 is measured in accordance with the Euro Stoxx 50, 2013, revenue and stock market index is a part.

The company was founded as the first pulp mill in a variety of industries in the history of its 151 years, he had, and now focuses on large-scale telecommunications infrastructure, and technology development and licensing. In addition, the Nokia GSM and LTE standards in mobile phone industry contributes greatly to the development and support, is, and at one time was the largest provider for mobile phones in the world. Nokia's own Symbian platform as a rule through the smart phone industry to extend, but eventually was swallowed up competitors. The Nokia 2011 and later entered an agreement with Microsoft to use Windows Phone platform in the future phones. Its mobile phone business later billion.Stephen Elop, CEO of Nokia's former chief work was completed on, and a number of other officials on April 25, 2014. This agreement, A part of Microsoft's new Microsoft Mobile joined the sub-$ 7.17 would in general agreement was bought by Microsoft .

Since the sale of its mobile phone business, a division of Nokia Maps it here, virtual divestiture mark in a short time, in fact, began to focus more extensively on its telecommunications infrastructure business; French telecommunications company Lucent āliketēli- health and digital purchases Withings maker in late 2016 through 2016, the name of Nokia's global mobile phone market returns through HMD.

                                     

History:

1965-1967

The Nokia Fredrik Idestam, mining engineer (then in the Russian Empire), has a long history of near pulp mills created back in 1865, Finland has a long history in the city. The second pulp mill was created in the vicinity of Nokia, its nearby city of Tampere 1868. In 1871, Idestam special friend, together with a shared Mechelin pulp mill in the city after the company was established, and the second, called the Nokia. For the next 90 years, according to Nokia itself on the electric power generation industry as a company with activities in the forest.

In 1922, the Nokia (1898 formed Suomen Gummitehdas,) (established in 1917 Suomen Kaapelitehdas,) and was owned by the Finnish Cable works together with the three partnerships with Finnish Rubber Works. Finnish rubber galoshes and other rubber products, but did Finnish cable, telephone and electric cables factory work, the Nokia Well, first 90 to 30 from both civilian and military benefits did respirators.

1967–1990

In 1967, three companies, including Nokia Aktiebolag (a Nokia company), cable and Finland (Finland Gummitehdas from then renamed) Finnish Rubber Works merged and the new Nokia Corporation, the company that created the current form of modern communication. Of Nokia Corporation now rubber, forestry, cable, electric, electronics and many industries, including boasted. In 1970, the newly formed conglomerate began coming in to the Web site and radio industry. In addition, Nokia began as a message to the device and / or communication in 1983 at 90, and in 1960 from the M61 gas mask as Finland's defense forces (forces), military devices. In addition, the company in 1981 from (a division of Nokia Data) under the name of MikroMikko to professional mobile radio, telephone switch, capacitors, chemicals and personal computers predecessor on Thurs 1991, Fujitsu Siemens. In 1979, the future of Nokia the Nokia mobile phone division, which was to lay out the foundation Mobira, create, TV automatically goes in partnership with Salora. In 1981, Mobira Nordic public cellular (NMT) service, the first of the world's first global mobile network and international roaming allow. Then, in 1982, Mobira of Nokia's first mobile phone which can be as Mobira Senator (Talkman) car phone, has begun. At that time, however, Nokia and no interest "in the mobile phone device James' -gadgets was considered as a mobile phone executive board. This was the only Salo, Finland-based because of Salora Mobira.

In 1987, discontinued production of cables in the Finnish Cable Works effectively to the sub-company, ending its Helsinki factory. Nokian Tyres (Nokian Tyres), was formed in 1932, Finnish Rubber Works is a part of the first tire manufacturer, in 1990. Two years later, in 1988, immediately after the split from Nokia Corporation, the Finnish Rubber Works followed suit. This allowed them to focus only on Nokia Corporation.

                                     

1990–2014

(1982 against Senator car phone after Mobira) the Nokia 1980 mobile phone, portable fully for the first time on GSM mobile phone standard to support the development in 1987 was Cityman 900 Mobira in Nokia, the Nokia and Siemens (Siemens GSM network grew, first with predecessor network). The world's first GSM call 900 MHz band network, the Nokia built and operated by Radiolinja on your Nokia device using the 1 July 1991, Holkeri was on the Finnish Prime Minister Harri. In November 1992, was the first Nokia 1011 mobile phone to limit access. In 1998, Nokia overtook Motorola and the best-selling product and a mobile phone.

Until the new millennium, the Nokia (2000 until at from ViewSonic), DSL modems, digital and analog set-top boxes, PC cards and equipment, such as computers for CRT displays in mobile phones and other few remaining major industries, and a TV. Many of these were gradually ended in 2000's.

The Nokia mobile phones in Europe, Africa, Asia, Oceania, were incredibly successful. The popularity of pre-installed on many products, because Nokia was a snake, and there were also one of the pioneers in mobile game. In 3310, the company is one of the most popular products, and toughness is expressed today. The Nokia 2003 is Nokia, the best-selling of all time, 1100's innovative mobile phone.

Nokia's first camera phone in 7650, and a follower of 3600/3650 was the first camera phone market in North America. The company went on to become a successful automatic camera phone, the 2006 N93 was superior camera and camcorder with clamshell-like design that can switch between a twistable position; The N95 5-megapixel high-quality camera would flash; N82, a xenon flash featured; N8 high-quality 12-megapixel sensor was; In the 808 PureView 41-megapixel sensor was; The Lumia 920 PureView apply advanced technologies. The original Nokia 2013 imaging patent revealed that in 1994, they were charged back.

In 2003, at the Nokia N-Gage mobile game release was an attempt to break into the market. But he had a problem with the device, and a major challenge Nintendo failed.

The Nokia's Symbian S60 based on high-end phones and smartphones late -2000's whim to achieve popularity. For many years, was leading smartphone platform in Europe and Asia, (but not in Windows Mobile, lagged behind Palm OS and BlackBerry in North America). Of course, it was a positive E71 in another successful device in 2008; It was the most advanced N95.

                           

Later on, the competition heated up, and after the Nokia Symbian platform that quickly bring the iPhone OS and Android developers using the date and time it was increasingly difficult. To counter this, the Nokia February 2011 Nokia Chief Executive Stephen Elop's new use from the main operating system like Windows Phone partnership with Microsoft, and made a low position of the clergy Symbian; However, in 2010, a follower, to develop MeeGo. The MeeGo-based N9 2011 to meet with a positive reception, although high, he decided to focus on the Nokia-Microsoft partnership to continue the project and only MeeGo. After the announcement of the agreement with Microsoft, Nokia's market share decline, those of Nokia and to focus attention on the November 2011 elsewhere.Nokia first major Windows Phone will be Lumia 800, which was reached was to supply operators realized Symbian devices; Because in 2012 Lumia line with a lot of improvements this fall in sales in 2011, became the fourth consecutive big loss. Mid-2012, the company's stock price fell to below $ 2, the Nokia almost bankrupt

The result of the first high-end Lumia 920 can resist the advanced feature set, which the press has been seen as rivals to Windows Phone launched in September 2012. Meanwhile, the company will be in developing countries had to do with the Asha range. The Nokia's smartphone market share in 2013, but appears to still was not enough to improve the dire financial situation. The company is already making losses for two years, and in September 2013 it was announced that the sale to Microsoft and mobile devices division. Nokia to stop selling was more positive disastrous financial figures, and to produce additional hardware and tools and services' company to turn to Microsoft CEO Steve'd Microsoft's Ballmer, was good. The sale was completed in Microsoft's mobile division of Nokia mobile devices with the successor to that, in April 2014.

Meanwhile, the Nokia, Nokia Networks soon to be easily after.During difficult time as the Nokia rebranded, the Nokia solutions and a wholly owned sub-networks to deliver turn, $ 2.2 billion in July 2013 at the Nokia Siemens Networks joint venture Siemens "many of wood purchased in income where it came from is used with the Siemens website, volume, after the sale of this purchase, especially for mobile devices unit has proved to be positive

2014–present

After the sale of its mobile devices division, the Nokia began to focus on its profitable network equipment division, the Nokia Networks.

In October 2014, China Mobile and the Nokia 2014 and 2015 of $ 970 million for the delivery of the framework agreement has been signed.

November 17, 2014, the head of Nokia Technologies Ramzi Haidamus original design manufacturer-authorized company as a consumer electronics business in the re-announced plans to enter the house of hardware designs and technologies to third-party manufacturers. Haidamus stated that the Nokia product "expensive" but "is diminishing in value, and we will imminently very quickly to reverse this trend, it is important this is." The next day, the Nokia and 1, produced by Foxconn unveiled Android tablet, the Microsoft sale.Haidamus following the first product released under the license agreement, as these devices was held in the highest standards in product quality, and "look and feel just like the Nokia built this . " The emphasis that Nokia CEO Rajeev Suri said that the company in 2016, following the expiration of this mobile phone business re-sign non-compete clause in the plan with Microsoft.

According to the company, and by itself is not a place in the mobile phones sold, according to Robert Morlino, spokesman of the Nokia technologies, the Nokia is probably due to a revival in its mobile phone division may be sold until the following product-licensing model Microsoft.Nokia software professionals, new products giant steps to take for this to be seen again by testing its hiring, and 14 July 2015 partners.On search is confirmed that sales will return to work, a company executive Rajeev Suri mobile phones market in 2016.

July 28, 2015, the Nokia eight thousand 2 with optical image sensors, OZO, 360-degree virtual reality camera announced. The back part of the product, the Nokia Technologies, OZO said that the most advanced VR movie forum. The Nokia's press release, so more are expected in the future technologic products, OZO "first staged in digital media solutions portfolio" would be. The OZO was fully unveiled unveiled in Los Angeles on November 30. The OZO $ 60,000 is designed for retail and professional growth.

Nokia Technologies:

This is a division of Nokia Nokia to develop technologies and technology and the Nokia product licenses.

It is a Nokia technologies such as IP licensing program as imaging, navigation, power management and wireless communications equipment, as well as the development team from the fields to other areas. It includes three labs: Radio Systems Lab, radio access, wireless local connection and a radio application areas; Media Lab Technologies, Advanced Navigation Solutions, interaction techniques, nanotechnologies and quantum technologies, locations and interact with multimedia technology and material testing and laboratory areas. The Nokia technology also provides for public participation in the development of the innovative program with Nokia.

In November 2014, the Nokia Technologies first product, the Nokia produced by Foxconn and 1 from Android 5.0 tablet computer began.

In July 2015, designed for professional content creators Technologies and Nokia, Finland OZO a growing VR camera, introduced. Its shutter synchronized with the sensors 8 and 8 microphones, product stereoscopic 3D video and spatial audio recording. [Citation needed]

Since May 2016, the Nokia Technologies' research and development team is the basis of international HMD created in the future of Nokia devices.

In May 2016, at 31, was founded Digital Health Unit. This was Nokia, which is led by CEO Cedric Hutchings, Withings former capital.

August 31, 2016, Ramzi Haidamus was announced as the president of a place to download the Nokia technologies. Brad Rodrigues, head of strategy and business development at this time, will assume the role of president of Action

Huawei

Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. (/ hwɑːˌweɪ /; Pinyin: About this sound Huawei) is a Chinese team of company headquarters network and telecommunications goods and services in Shenzhen, later found in Ericsson's largest telecommunications equipment manufacturer in the world is Guangdong.It 2012 

Huawei my Zhengfei, a former engineer for the People's Liberation Army in 1987, was founded. Since then, Huawei focuses on manufacturing telephone switch, but it is starting his own business expanded to include: the construction of telecommunications networks; Inside and outside of China, and the procedures by providing equipment and consulting services organizations; Consumer market and manufacturing communications equipment. In September 2015, Huawei has over 170,000 employees worldwide are engaged in the work of whom 76,000 research and development (R & D). This is China, the United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Pakistan, France, Belgium, Germany, Colombia, Sweden, Ireland, India, Russia, Israel, has 21 R & D centers in countries including Turkey, and in 2014, the company invested $ 6.4 up to 2013, more than $ 5 billion USD in R & D billion USD ,.

In 2014, Huawei's 34.2 billion CNY (5.5 billion US dollars) in profits was recorded. Its products and services are used in more than 140 countries, which currently serves 50 major telecoms operators in the world 5.

                                         

Huawei is a Chinese firm, the name of the official language (: Traditional Chinese 华为: Chinese simplified 華為; pinyin: Huawei). Lexicon character on 华 "flower" and "花" is derived. This is a clue in the Huawei logo. The character also "magnificent" or "extraordinary" means, but is now mostly (China also names) "(Tribe) China", "China" or you can refer to. Chinese companies, it is common to use this word; (:;: 華碩; pinyin: Huáshuò; literally, Traditional Chinese, Simplified Chinese 华硕 "China-eminent") Another example of Taiwan being bulk company was founded in 1989, Huawei's name back to the second feature, 为, "action" means or "success "in this way, the Huawei word" China's success. " [Citation needed] This "legal" form, as well as how to submit a video on Gizmodo and many other Internet sources, "wah-way" is inconsistent. However, "wah-way", respectively, is incorrect, and the first and second frame Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations Myth is a combination of a tragic perpetuation. Cantonese pronunciation in Mandarin pronunciation of "Hwa-way" was (: [hwɑːˌweɪ], while the IPA), "is iribete- Waii". Although the company is based on the Cantonese-speaking area on the task, as its name spells out the use of Huawei, "Hwa-way" refers to the Mandarin pronunciation.

History:

In 1980, the Chinese government tried to make the country's underdeveloped telecommunications infrastructure and modern. The telecommunications network was a major part of the change telephone communication, by several research groups in China in the 1980s and often foreign companies with collective agreements, has tried to develop technology.

My Zhengfei, the People's Liberation Army engineering enterprise former Deputy Director, Shenzhen Huawei was founded in 1987. Rather, (they were often willing to transfer their most advanced technologies to Chinese companies) and foreign companies focused on technology rather than relying on the security of transactions, joint agreements, ren-engineering foreign technologies to the background by switching environmental research and product development. China, once a country of all telecommunications technology, ren hoped to build a domestic Chinese telecom company that can compete with foreign competitors.

But the company reported that its foundation in the registered capital of RMB 21,000. He has denied the existence of far eastern economic review of the loan, but that the company also reported that it had received a $ 8.5 million loan from the state-owned bank.

In the first few years, mainly in Hong Kong, the company's business model outside the private branch exchange switch (PBX) consisted resell. Meanwhile, reverse-engineering foreign technologies, to conduct a study of its own switches and had a high level of investment in research and development. In 1990, the company has approximately 500 R & D staff, and he began to change his own free PBX hotels and commercial enterprises targeted.

This is its C & C08 program-controlled telephone switches, the company launched the first major breakthrough came in 1993. This was by far are in China, the most powerful switch. At first, focus on the deployment and customize the service and small cities and rural areas, the company gained market share and spread into the mainstream market. The company is using Huawei's products in the network instead of local authorities to "profit" was developed whereby collusive partnership relations with local authorities and worship. Ahrens These methods ", corrupt border, are unorthodox" He writes not illegal.

Huawei also People's Liberation Army, an employee agreement specified that gained key contracts to build the first national telecommunications network "is big business in terms of our overall small, but in terms of our relationship." In 1994, the founder of Jiang Zemin by ren Zhengfei had a meeting with him, party secretary-general, "says switching equipment and technology related to international security and the world would have to change its own military equipment, a nation, and as one that lacked this." Jiang reports he agreed with the assessment.

In Beijing, the government has adopted a clear policy of restricting access to foreign competitors in the domestic telecommunications manufacturers and support the company Another major change came in 1996. Huawei government and the military, both as a national champion in high esteem, and new research and development office was established.

International expansion:

In 1997, Huawei Hong Kong company Hutchison Whampoa won the fixed-line network products, providing, for the first time a foreign contract. That same year, Huawei launched its wireless GSM-based products, and later on expanded to offer CDMA and UMTS. In 1999, the telecom software company to develop a broad Bangalore, opened a research and development (R & D) center in India. From 1998 until 2003, and basic with Huawei for IBM management consultant, and product development and management structure underwent significant changes. After 2000, Huawei 2000, more than US $ 100 million for the success of international sales and lack of Stockholm, an R & D center in Sweden to cope with, the expansion of overseas market and increased its speed. In 2001, Huawei established four R & D centers in the United States have joined the US $ 750 million of non-core sub-Avansys left Emerson and the International Telecommunication Union (to become the world). In 2002, Huawei's sales of US $ 552 million global market.

In 2004, Huawei Telfort, the Dutch mobile operator without a third-generation continued expansion with a contract to build the network. More than $ US25 million worth of this contract, the company was the first such contract in Europe.

In 2005, Huawei's international sales exceeded the terms of the order of the House for the first time. Huawei signed a global framework agreement with Vodafone. This agreement with China Telecommunications Equipment Supplier Supplier status from Vodafone Global Supply Chain marked the first time that he was justified. The agreement also its multi-service access network deployment (MSAN) and Transmission equipment, British Telecom (for BT) contract signed with Vodafone is moving worldwide.Huawei the established terms and conditions for supply of Huawei's solutions to one of the companies, these companies are multi carrier infrastructure as BT's 21st century network (21CN) for, some of the necessary infrastructure with BT and E a UK telecommunications industry to support future growth.

In May 2008, Huawei and Optus "market ready" to new wireless products and arrange for engineers to develop the concept of mobile broadband, Sydney, developed a mobile phone innovation center in Australia. In 2008, the company's high-speed mobile access with Telus's new next generation wireless network and Bell Canada began providing the first large-scale commercial deployment of UMTS / HSPA in North America.

That same year, Huawei company, to help meet the rapid growth of the transmission system from the first end-to-end routers 100G solution, launched in 2009, in Oslo, Norway, TeliaSonera offered one of the first LTE / EPC networks worldwide business network and router traffic efficiency and enhance reliability.

July 2010, Huawei $ 2.67 billion.In the end of 2010, annual sales of US $ 21.8 This report was a billion and a net profit of strength in the US, published by Fortune magazine for the first time the US had been included in the Fortune Global 500 list of 2010, Huawei to expand its R & D center in Bangalore a telecom equipment manufacturing planning Tamil Nadu, India $ US100 million in the facility and set up around US $ 500 million (rs 2,200 crore) to invest.

In October 2012, the Huawei Green Park in an effort to increase popular in the United States, Reading, UK, also announced that it was moving the company headquarters with Berkshire.The, Jonas Brothers' 2013 summer tour was a major sponsor.

In September 2013, Huawei has opened a new office in Regina, the Canadian Saskatchewan- Huawei to build its HSPA + and LTE networks in partnership with local service provider SaskTel. The company also announced that it would carry out new heavens SaskTel Y300 smartphone.

In October 2013, GSM country in Denmark, Huawei / UMTS / LTE and network modernization as the sole provider DMCA / S has been selected to provide managed services to more than six years. Huawei's contract price is the number one telecom provider in the world, The Economist in a recent promise to appear in accordance with the agreement.As is more than $ 700 million.

                      

Recent performance:

2009.In in RMB18.27 billion; In April 2011, Huawei's net profit RMB23.76 billion (£ 2.23 billion $ 3.64 billion), with the index, driven by growth in overseas markets in 2010, a 30% increase in revenue, said it continued to be the main driver of China's Huawei out of the 2010 sale of the business. Revenue in North America and overseas regions, including Russia, fueled by the 2009 RMB90.02 billion in 2010 RMB120.41 billion, up to 34%. The country's largest telecom operators in China, such as income, RMB64.77 billion investment rose to 9.7% discount to last year.

In 2010, Huawei's revenue, according to Gartner market research firm, Telefon AB L.M. Ericsson's share of 19.6%, putting back a second company, of $ 78.56 billion global carrier-network-infrastructure market, 15.7% of the ungodly.

Huawei is targeting $ 150 million of corporate Business Solutions in India in the next 12 months revenue. Soon after European Union officials in charge of better US lawmakers denied using Chinese subsidies and unfair competition for share of the global market.

                              

Fujitsu

Fujitsu Limited (富士 通 株式会社 Kabushikigaisha? Fujitsu), commonly referred to as Fujitsu, Tokyo, Japan, headquarters of the Japanese company's team of information technology tools and services. 2015 also (IBM, HP and Accenture) .Fortune one of the most admired companies in the world and the world's 500 company named IT services revenue as the fourth-largest provider Fujitsu was sent IT services in the world.

, Fujitsu will calculate Jerome products, but the company and its subsidiaries as well as x86, SPARC mainframe and server products, as well as storage products, personal computers, providing the difference in the areas of enterprise computing products and services, including telecommunications and air conditioning, advanced microelectronics. This approximately 159,000 employees and products and services are available in more than 100 countries.

Fujitsu is a part of Tokyo and listed on the Nikkei 225 and the TOPIX correlate Stock Exchanges.

                                   

History:

1935-2000

Fuji Telecommunications Equipment Manufacturing under the name of Fujitsu and IBM was formed on June 20, 1935, is the third oldest IT company Hewlett Packard before (富士 電 気 通信 機器 製造 Fuji Denki Tsūshin Kiki Seizō?), A spin-off of Fuji Electric as the company itself Furukawa electric company and Furukawa zaibatsu, but the relationship with the EC in 1923, Fujitsu Siemens joint venture between the German conglomerate that was formed mostly of layoffs after world War II, the Allied invasion of Japan escaped.

In 1954, Fujitsu Japan, the first computer, FACOM 100 manufactured, in 1961 and in 1955 to the start of the transistorized FACOM 222. Fujitsu Kawasaki Frontale a company that was founded as a football club; Kawasaki Frontale 1967 1999, the company name was changed officially contractor Fujitsu is a J. League soccer club (通 富士?). The company Fujitsu corporate players in the league X- Frontiers, a winner and a Rice Bowl winner, 6 Japan has been on the X Bowls company American football team fields.

In 1971, Fujitsu CCL data entry product, composed of key-editing computers to distribute the Canadian company signed an OEM agreement with Limited (CCL). In the past, both in Western and Eastern Europe and the countries joined the British Commonwealth in both ICL-Edit key market began to Fujitsu; Canada and the United States, London (United Kingdom) and CCL's direct marketing employees in Frankfurt. Mers Kutt, CCL-key, edit and founder of Creative, Fujitsu and ICL Gene Amdahl was the common thread is the reason for the Society's after.

In 1986, Fujitsu and Queen's University Belfast business incubation room (QUBIS Ltd) Kainos a joint venture in Belfast, privately held company established in Northern Ireland-based software.

In 1990, Fujitsu (ICL in 2002, was renamed Fujitsu Services) $ 1.29 billion UK-based computer company International Computers Limited (ICL) 80% developed. In September 1990, Fujitsu At that time, the fastest in the world.In July 1991 mainframe computers, announced the launch of a new series: Fujitsu Russian company KME-CS (computer systems of the Kazan Manufacturing Enterprise), more than half of Gaza.

In 1992, Fujitsu the world's first 21-inch full-color plasma display introduced. This results in greater brightness Urbana-Champaign and University of Illinois created the plasma display NHK STRL, was based on a hybrid.

In 1993, Fujitsu AMD, in partnership with Spansion, a flash memory production was established. As part of the transaction, including AMD, its flash memory group, Fab 25 will contribute to R & D in Thailand, Malaysia and China, and assembly plants in Texas and resources; Fujitsu and its flash memory business division and Fujitsu Microelectronics Malaysian final assembly and test operations provided.

From mid-February until 1989 1997, Fujitsu PC built Alternate FM cities. This multimedia applications and computer games intended for a proprietary PC as an alternative, but later became more compatible with regular PCs. In 1993, the FM Towns Marty, FM Towns was compatible with the games in the game.

Fujitsu was previously owner for $ 850 million in July 1997 (by Canada-based advisory group, including DMR) Amdahl Corporation agreed to 58 percent.

In April 1997, the company GLOVIA International, Inc., El Segundo, Calif., Whose software in 1994, he began to integrate electronic plants from 30 percent in manufacturing ERP software provider on their own.

Fifth-largest computer manufacturing company and two companies, Fujitsu Siemens Computers, which was a new 50:50 joint venture to merge their European computer operations with Fujitsu Siemens agreed in June 1999, the historical relationship, was living in the world.

2000 to present:

In April 2000, Fujitsu GLOVIA International the remaining 70% developed.

April 2002 ICL Fujitsu would like to re-business. March 2, 2004, Fujitsu Computer Products of America defective chips and firmware charged with the lost act on the part of the hard disk drives. In October 2004, Fujitsu Atos Origin, SAP in which 140 workers, with a special performance of the Australian company developed an OEM.

In August 2007, Fujitsu Fujitsu Reuters Reuters transferred 300 employees and 200 contractors around the inner part of the agreement Fujitsu.As IT department the majority of the release of the Reuters Group E with £ 500 million, 10-year agreement has been signed. In October 2007, Fujitsu from a US $ 10 million investment, with 1,200 employees in Noida house to capacity, said it would resist saving development center in India.

In October 2007, Fujitsu Australia and New Zealand's sub-contract the amount of Infinite Solutions Ltd, IT hardware based on New Zealand, and advisory services company, had.

In January 2009, Fujitsu has reached an agreement to sell HDD business to Toshiba. Er 1. 2009.In March 2009, Fujitsu increased private placement subscribed by May 1, 2009 (tentative schedule) from the consolidated OEM, FDK on an equity-method affiliate, then Corporation, announced that it had decided to change the FDK's capital.FDK April 1, in 2009, Fujitsu approximately EUR450m 'Fujitsu Siemens computers for Siemens agreed to find wood. Fujitsu Siemens Computers was renamed Fujitsu Technology Solutions continue.

In April 2009, Fujitsu $ 48 million contract, $ 200 million less for Telstra Kaz just weeks after the ruling Australian software company that developed Supply Chain Consulting.

In March 2013, ending the year 95 billion net loss forecast to total about the same, since in February 2013 in Japan, Fujitsu 3,000 jobs and 170,000 employees.Fujitsu abroad, others large scale integrated chip business will merge with the announced reduction of 5,000 jobs, which is Panasonic Corporation.

In 2015, Fujitsu since its establishment, and 15 major cities worldwide, and more embedded with Fujitsu to provide communications and IT experts from 10,000 to take in the future; It now begins on the Fujitsu 2015 World Tour celebrated 80 years on the human side of IT-based Computing.

In April 2015 GLOVIA International Fujitsu GLOVIA, Inc. is renamed

In November 2015, Fujitsu Limited and VMware equip customers with flexible and secure cloud technologies, announced new locations.

In January 2016, Fujitsu Network Communications Inc. Carriers, service providers and cloud builders for software-defined networking (SDN) to advance layered products, announced a new collection. Virtuora based on open standards, Ines, "" standards-based, multi-layer, multi-vendor network automation and virtualization products on a set of hand-largest international service providers that some hardened "is defined as Fujitsu.

OPERATIONS:

Fujitsu Laboratories, Fujitsu's research and development division, has 1,300 employees and $ 5 billion of that capital. This is run by Tatsuo Tomita.

In 2012, Fujitsu non-3D camera phones announced they had developed a new technology. Technology, camera phones, 3D lets you take a photo.

Fujitsu Semiconductor Europe GmbH:

Fujitsu Semiconductor Europe GmbH (FSEU) Standard Fujitsu Microelectronics Europe GmbH Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited, a wholly owned, known as the sub. The name change in 2010 [40] was set up in the main design offices in the UK and Germany, Europe E automotive, communications, multimedia and industrial design segments.Its to FSEU and supplies semiconductor devices and systems solutions.

                                       

PFU LIMITED:

Ishikawa in the headquarters of PFU Limited, Fujitsu Limited, Japan, a global ownership is lower. PFU Limited was established in 1960 and approximately 4,600 employees worldwide and has turned over in 2013, 126,4 billion Yen ($ 1.2 billion USD). PFU PFU all or interactive kiosks under the Fujitsu brand, keyboards, network security, hardware, embedded computers and imaging products (CT scan documents) manufactures. In addition, desktop and enterprise hardware PFU document capture software and produce a document management software products. PFU Germany (PFU Imaging Solutions Europe Limited), Italy (PFU Imaging Solutions Europe Limited), US, United Kingdom (PFU Imaging Solutions Europe Limited) and the United States (US Inc, said the Foreign Sales & Marketing offices in Fujitsu Computer Products). PFU Limited are sold under the brand Fujitsu document are responsible for sales and support of intake design, development, manufacture. Fujitsu fi- best-selling series, Scansnap ScanPartner and product families, as well as Paperstream IP, Paperstream lift, Scansnap manager, Cardminder, Magic desktop and Rack2Filer are market leaders in their professional documents scanned with CT as software products.

IBM

In the IBM System / 360 (S / 360), April 7, 1964, announced by IBM on, and this was the first complete family of applications designed to cover a range of computers in 1965 and 1978, delivered a mainframe computer system from a small family both commercial and scientific. IBM-compatible design, allowing it to release a set of design at different prices, a clear distinction between architecture and applied arts. 8-bit bytes and resolve binary, decimal, and (hex) floating-point calculations, which featured the most expensive systems used microcode to implement compatible model 44 and a set of instructions, but not all.

In 1964, a slow announced System / 360 model, the model 30, 8 to 64 KB with memory, speeds of up to 34,500 policy can accomplish. High-performance models came later. A main memory is more common in large-unusual amount of load a little, even though in 1967 IBM System / 360 Model 91, a main memory, 8 MB can have 360 ​​models can second.The 16.6 million in direction to the main storage 256 KB; But 512 KB; The KB 768 KB 1024 or more were common. Slow (8 microsecond) large storage capacity (from LCS) up to 8 Mbps was also available.

System / 360 customers application software and peripheral devices, or if you have a growing interest in replacing the reprogramming was not always up to the transfer of knowledge was very successful in a smaller system, allowing it to buy the market. In the coming years, a lot of influence on computer design, design history, consider one of the most successful computers.

System / 360 was the chief architect Gene Amdahl; The project is Fred Brooks, who managed to start Watson's lieutenants, John R. Opel, Chairman Thomas J. Watson, another was conducted had claimed responsibility Jr.The commercial rollout in 1964 IBM's System 360 mainframe family.

System / 360 software (application with some restrictions) is to maintain compatibility with the present system, z servers.

                           

A Family of computers:

In contrast with the time-to-normal industry practice, IBM, all (except for two specific markets) using the same set of instructions to a high performance and low, large, and created an entire series of computers. This feat allowed customers to use the model at a cheaper cost and time needed changing and growing as a software upgrade, and then the larger system. The biggest, the fastest, hard-wired logic, but rather models of IBM, widely varying performance computers to exploit microcode was the first manufacturer to apply the technology to a compatible range.

This greatly lowering obstacles to freedom. (Except of course on ICT) had to choose between with other providers, clients may outgrow the capacity of their machines and bumps (and very expensive) equipment. This means that many companies only had to buy computers.

Models:

IBM first announced a series of six computers and forty common peripherals. IBM later than four models, including for rare one-off models, and gave up. The least expensive model of core memory as a model with 4 KB 20, eight 16-bit true than in the 360s and six 32-bit register of the register, and the rest of a school that uses a subset of the set range.

In 1964, the first ad aimed at the market, the first three IBM 1400 series of small-and medium-range system models 30, 40, 50, 60, 62, and 70 are included. All three first-half of 1965 was sent. Respectively, beginning in November 1965 and January 1966, which set out a series of 7000 machines, and 65 and 75 had never been replaced, intended to replace the last three.

Low-end models later addition (above 1966) 20, 22 (1971), and 25 (1968) included. Model 20 was a number of sub-models; Sub-model 5 model was higher at the end. Model 22 was a minor model with a capacity of 30 recycled, and 30 in the usual low-memory configuration for a small high-capacity disk and tape only with devices and slow I / O channels ,.

                     

(1966) to remove the model 44 with some additional guidelines to identify scientific computing and real-time process control to calculate and set a unique model, it was all storage-to-storage instructions and the five other complex instructions.

In the IBM System 360 Model 91 operator console This image, taken less than in the 1960's at the end of time.

A series of high-end machines 67, 85 (1969), 91 (1967, 92, as expected), 95 (1968), and (in 1966, 64 short and 66 [6] as excited, below) model included 195 (1971). 85 Design / 370, System / 360 line and was based on the monitoring system of the medium and 370/165. There, a System / 370 version was the 195, but did not include Dynamic Address Translation.

The implementations on a variety of oral using native data path widths, microcode, or lack of high-level varies, yet they were very compatible. Unless specifically documented, were architecturally compatible to models. 91, for example, if you trade in your used digital collection policy was designed to read scientific computing and out-of- order to provide policy performance (and a number of policy occurred while the trap program, "he continued transparency" could yield), but lacked was applications. New features can be added without violating interpretations Building, 65 inter-CPU dual-processor version of the message (M65MP) for extensions; 85 introduced a temporary memory. Models 44, 75, 91, 95, 195 and practical reality rather than with logic and other models as microcoded.

                                   

August 1965 announced the Model 67, the first product to provide dynamic address translation system was IBM hardware to support sharing. "DAT" is now more commonly referred to as an MMU. Experimental one-off unit 67 is built before the model was based on 40., IBM, models 64 and 60, and 62 66, DAT versions were released, but at the same time the 67 was replaced with 60 at the beginning of this column, but absent and 62, 1972 the S / 370 would reappear in a series of 65. replace DAT hardware. Like its close relative, 65, 67, also offered dual CPUs.

All the IBM 1977 System / 360 models are no longer in the market.

Backward compatibility:

IBM now had a large investment in software to be executed on the second generation of machines by customers. Many models unique combination of hardware and microcode special cases to a policy used in a program using the client took the initiative and took the computer option (for example, Model 30 or Model 65 series in 1400) IBM on IBM 7094, offered the target system, the old programs can run on the new machine, so . However, customers had to install a halt and took a computer program. [9] Model 85 and later System / 370, the options they have been captured, but allowed for the implementation of operating under the control of native programs side by side with them.

Successors and variants:

System (except Model 20) / 360 system compatible with the 1970/370 range and has been replaced by model 20 was the target users to run IBM System / 3. (The idea of ​​the cost of a major breakthrough with the FS-technology, efficiency and sustainability of the reasons has been rejected in the mid-1970s.) Later, IBM compatible systems in 3090, the ES / 9000 family, 9672 (System / 390 family), include zSeries System z9, system z10 and IBM zEnterprise system.

System or machine code often the same or equivalent in terms of building the computers / 360 Amdahl's 470 family (and successors), Hitachi mainframes, to the Facom to RCA Spectra 70 series, and as UNIVAC 9000 is contained in a series of Fujitsu System.The English Electric System 4 machines RCA was made under license. Then they RCA UNIVAC series of 70 UNIVAC 9000 series, and also a series of 70.The successors to the Soviet Union as the UNIVAC, where a System / 360 clone, a series of 90 product development, became the first EVM UNIVAC, but sold the series to Spectra.

In 1975, introduced the IBM 5100 portable computer, an option offered for the implementation of the System / 360's APL.SV language program via a hardware emulator. IBM to avoid the cost and delay to create a 5100-based version of APL used this technique.

Special radiation-hardening slightly if they are used in a number of fighter bombers and fighter planes, System / 4 Pi Avionics in the form of a computer system / modified 360s. The full 32-bit version of AP-101, 4 Pi machines (five-node) on the abuse-resistant Space Shuttle served as the system replicated computing nodes. The US Federal Aviation Administration in the 1990's through the 1970's from the IBM 9020, changed the air traffic control system / 360s various clusters, surgery. (Some still looks like 9020 will be used by the software took on new hardware.)

Hp inc,

(Also, HP, and HP as intuitive as stylized) HP Inc. Hewlett- Packard two successors, according to a November 1, 2015, the company created by the US ,, technology to develop this and other hardware will be Hewlett Packard company, said personal computers and Hewlett- Packard printers.It is legal successor of the old. Hewlett- Packard HP Inc. Name has been changed to a new publicly traded company that was spun off as a structured division of Hewlett Packard that organization. The HP Inc. Hewlett- Packard's stock price history, and its NYSE ticker symbol HPQ wise (Hewlett Packard's new characters, HPE, but uses). HP is now focusing on consumers spend more money in 2016 after the abduction, a mid-range Omen X target consumers with laptops and desktops online multiplayer on-line disclosure of specific Omen repeated their computers to improve and games.They.

The HP Inc. Hewlett- Packard is large in terms of income replacement. Hewlett Packard's US $ 53 This organization billion, compared with revenue of US $ 57.3 billion recorded in 2014. 50,000 employees of HP Inc. At work, and Hewlett- Packard Co.'s Dion Weisler A new division has been the company's chief executive announced that arises due.

                                             

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HP 48 SERIES:

The HP 48 2003 until the series of HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, Hewlett- Packard and HP are published since 1990, is a series of graphics calculators using Reverse Polish mark (RPN) and RPL programming language 48G + G-models and increased the S models are versions of the improvements. X models with a special extension of RAM (memory expansion) and Rome (application software) cards are expandable through. In particular, GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G + models have more onboard memory only. The onboard memory SX and S models have the same size.

The similarly named HP 48gII (2004) certainly is not a member of the series; But note that most closely connected to the HP 49g +.

The HP 48 series designed for a variety of hardware and software architecture improvements with a simple user interface and infix input method, and the HP 49G with, and in accordance with the HP 38 g. Similarly, the HP 48 Calculators between hardware and software design themselves strongly influenced by the HP calculators are the other line in the HP-18C and HP-28 series to be loved:

                                      

SPECIFICATIONS:

The HP 48 series "Saturn microprocessor hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU is hardware-wise; But the program offers a nibble-nibble-based data and 4-bit processor takes a step in the use of speech-based systems. The main registers A, B, C, D, heat the way, R0, R1, R2, R3, R4 and registration are around a 64-bit full, but the data de 0 & D1 only 20-bit with the subscription. The external logical data retrieval transparently 8-bit physical change to retrieve. The processor code, but due to high / 20-bit address bus available to low nibble bit before the election, only 19 bits are available outside.

The HP 48S / SX and G / GX series in both the main CPU Saturn is more complex integrated circuit integrated (IC) as part of the package. These packages have members of the Lewis and Clark journey inspired codenames. Clark is the IC's code name, the manservant, the G / GX in William Clark after the S / Clark in the SX, and bišikilētēnine. After a series of ICS Meriwether Lewis, the former based on the Saturn, Lewis was codenamed.

PROGRAMING:

Programming language based on the HP 48 calculators Stack series called RPL, Reverse Polish mark (RPN) and an ecstatic support a possible combination. RPL lists and adds the concept functions as unevaluated pass code values ​​for scheduling tasks, or task, leaving the stack, allowing it to return from unevaluated code, a stack-based program.
RPL user and system RPL: ​​RPL will come in two flavors. RPL is a language user can program directly on a user's machine. RPL system requires an external compiler; This may be done by a third party, or any other machine on the machine with the utility. The two languages ​​are found mainly in the low-level depends on the number of surgeries. User RPL not see that their arguments simply expose any order. As a result, user RPL programs often almost completely in a situation that requires a memory reset calculator, but leave right order with the argument invokes a system RPL program, machine damage (RPL system and, therefore, are slower than programs) can not.

This machine can also be done directly from the language of the HP 48 program.

HP TOUCHPADS:

The HP Touchpad is a tablet computer from Hewlett- Packard developed and designed. The HP Touchpad in the United States, was launched on July 1, 2011; Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Germany, July 15; In Australia, August 15.

August 18, 2011, the touchpad launched in the United States 49 days later, HP announced that webOS would stop running all the current devices. Remaining shareholders have accepted the offer of high value touchpad, quickly sold out

                          

HISTORY:

HP's Touchpad webOS by HP and HP Pre 3 Stan event held at Fort Mason Center in the side of San Francisco "Think Beyond", on February 9, 2011, has been launched.

The device, sold 25,000 of the initial sales of 270,000 units, quickly swallowed up in March to launch the iPad 2 was established in HP's expectations, was to meet. August 16, 2011, it was reported that Best Buy Touchpad more willing to pay for Europe stock.In HP, an estimated 12,000 sold in the first month of release touchpad. Australia, Harvey was on sale in England was a retailer only sold 1,200 units in four days. Industry analysts suggest that the platform and the lackluster ad sales.On obstacle was the lack of applications on August 18, HP announced that it would stop all webOS devices. The HP CTO Shane Robison touchpad was "not going to drive a generation or iPad back a generation and a half, so that voice." He said a few years later, he became a member of the development team, described the device as "cast-off iPad or reject."

August 19, 2011, HP announced a price drop on the touchpad. In Canada and the US, the price of 16 GB model 32 GB model, $ 99 and $ 149 were sold out quickly. Buyers in the number of reported Barnes & Noble, Amazon.com and Best Buy retailers, including 20.Online August, inventories are sold out in the morning hours to troubleshoot these "firesale" prices.Most brick-and-clay retailers on August exceeded touchpad own collection of speed 22, took orders, many have been forced to cancel the order. The sale of the same number of stores to sell their stock out within an hour, Harvey was held in Australia in England stores. A number of shops selling the same price (£ 89 for the 16 GB and 32 GB for £ 115) by subtracting the UK took place in A with the HP touchpad consumers immediately sold out national E and abroad with high approval rating.HP touchpad tablet and stock prices Introducing rushing advantage.

Following the success of this sale, and touch panels, batteries, and part of it was used to carry out the strength of their component suppliers' inventories cleaned out, HP command that would run a business like any other production houses TouchPad.These announced on August 30 and $ 249,99 $ 299.99 tiger bundles with a value of direct and Best Buy ,.

The company plans an announcement related to HP Chief Executive Officer of MEG Whitman's appointment, following the open-source operating system like webOS continue on developing countries, especially in the use of dye tablets, she said the company, would continue using the OS devices. She did not come on this in 2012, but will probably take place in February 2013. In 2013, HP webOS source code to sell the remaining transferred to the LG Group, a HP- this product is unlikely to be webOS tablet.

HARDWARE:

The HP Touchpad is running HP webOS tablet Force. Has several notable features. Sensing card in the Palm Pre phones uses a lot of things. The integrated camera allows video conferencing in the front of the HP Touchpad. Below is a backlit Home button. Haptic feedback allows for the HP Touchpad and vibration function. ARM-based Qualcomm Snapdragon processor, a hardware and 1 GB of RAM included. "Touch to Share" allows you to preview 3 Mobile to share information, such as sensors to activate the touchpad web sites with sensors. Palm Profile.as using a touchpad can also receive calls via the Skype application to make and receive calls and text messages forwarded from any phone. 16 GB and 32 GB a neutral site for HP's Touchpad to collect $ 10, contains an estimated $ 296.15 $ 318.15 with the order and materials costs.

OTHER MODELS:

In July 2011, HP webOS hardware with a faster 1.5 GHz roadmap.This announced, including the processor with the "HP Touchpad 4G", 32 GB flash memory, A- GPS integrated, and AT & T 3.5G HSPA + mobile broadband wireless capabilities; Models display the paper was visible on the show, but later appeared on eBay and craigslist where HP employees, but the sale was released. But a 3.5G - - August, 64 GB flash memory, 1.5 GHz was sent in a small amount of white in the processor and Wi-Fi model. 7-inch display with ( "opal" codenamed) "Touchpad Go" A small number of models, flash memory, 1.5-GHz processor, 32 GB and cellular capabilities of this measure was to review some of the technology websites. General inspiration after HP's Slate carried on with these tiny TouchPads 7, however, were mass-production